what mass of poprocks would need to be consumed to cause death (reach the ld50)?

Measure of the lethal dose of a toxin, radiation, or pathogen required to kill half of a tested population

In toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD₅₀ (abbreviation for "lethal dose, 50%"), LC_l (lethal concentration, fifty%) or LCt_l is a measure of the lethal dose of a toxin, radiations, or pathogen.^[1] The value of LD₅₀ for a substance is the dose required to impale one-half the members of a tested population after a specified examination elapsing. LD₅₀ figures are oft used as a general indicator of a substance's acute toxicity. A lower LD₅₀ is indicative of increased toxicity.

The exam was created by J.W. Trevan in 1927.^[two] The term semilethal dose is occasionally used in the aforementioned sense, in particular with translations of foreign language text, but can also refer to a sublethal dose. LD₅₀ is unremarkably determined by tests on animals such every bit laboratory mice. In 2011, the U.Southward. Food and Drug Administration approved alternative methods to LD_fifty for testing the corrective drug Botox without beast tests.^{[three] [iv]}

Conventions [edit]

The LD₅₀ is ordinarily expressed as the mass of substance administered per unit mass of exam subject, typically every bit milligrams of substance per kilogram of body mass, sometimes also stated as nanograms (suitable for botulinum), micrograms, or grams (suitable for paracetamol) per kilogram. Stating it this manner allows the relative toxicity of different substances to be compared, and normalizes for the variation in the size of the animals exposed (although toxicity does not ever scale simply with body mass). For substances in the environment, such equally poisonous vapors or substances in water that are toxic to fish, the concentration in the environs (per cubic metre or per litre) is used, giving a value of LC_fifty. Just in this instance, the exposure time is important (see below).

The choice of 50% lethality as a benchmark avoids the potential for ambivalence of making measurements in the extremes and reduces the amount of testing required. However, this also means that LD₅₀ is not the lethal dose for all subjects; some may be killed by much less, while others survive doses far higher than the LD_l. Measures such as "LD_ane" and "LD₉₉" (dosage required to kill 1% or 99%, respectively, of the test population) are occasionally used for specific purposes.^[5]

Lethal dosage oft varies depending on the method of administration; for example, many substances are less toxic when administered orally than when intravenously administered. For this reason, LD₅₀ figures are oftentimes qualified with the way of administration, e.g., "LD₅₀ i.v."

The related quantities LD₅₀/30 or LD_fifty/sixty are used to refer to a dose that without treatment will exist lethal to l% of the population within (respectively) xxx or 60 days. These measures are used more than unremarkably within radiations wellness physics, as survival beyond 60 days usually results in recovery.

A comparable measurement is LCt₅₀, which relates to lethal dosage from exposure, where C is concentration and t is fourth dimension. It is oftentimes expressed in terms of mg-min/yard³. ICt ₅₀ is the dose that will cause incapacitation rather than death. These measures are ordinarily used to indicate the comparative efficacy of chemical warfare agents, and dosages are typically qualified past rates of animate (eastward.g., resting = 10 l/min) for inhalation, or caste of clothing for skin penetration. The concept of Ct was first proposed by Fritz Haber and is sometimes referred to every bit Haber'south constabulary, which assumes that exposure to 1 minute of 100 mg/m³ is equivalent to 10 minutes of 10 mg/m³ (1 × 100 = 100, as does 10 × x = 100).

Some chemicals, such as hydrogen cyanide, are rapidly detoxified by the man body, and do non follow Haber'southward constabulary. So, in these cases, the lethal concentration may be given simply as LC₅₀ and qualified past a duration of exposure (due east.g., ten minutes). The Material Safety Data Sheets for toxic substances oftentimes use this course of the term even if the substance does follow Haber's law.

For disease-causing organisms, there is also a measure out known equally the median infective dose and dosage. The median infective dose (ID₅₀) is the number of organisms received by a person or test creature qualified by the route of assistants (eastward.thousand., 1,200 org/homo per oral). Because of the difficulties in counting actual organisms in a dose, infective doses may be expressed in terms of biological assay, such as the number of LD₅₀'south to some test animal. In biological warfare infective dosage is the number of infective doses per cubic metre of air times the number of minutes of exposure (e.g., ICt₅₀ is 100 medium doses - min/m³).

Limitation [edit]

Every bit a mensurate of toxicity, LD₅₀ is somewhat unreliable and results may vary greatly betwixt testing facilities due to factors such equally the genetic characteristics of the sample population, animate being species tested, environmental factors and style of assistants.^[6]

There can exist broad variability betwixt species besides; what is relatively prophylactic for rats may very well be extremely toxic for humans (cf. paracetamol toxicity), and vice versa. For case, chocolate, insufficiently harmless to humans, is known to be toxic to many animals. When used to test venom from venomous creatures, such as snakes, LD₅₀ results may be misleading due to the physiological differences between mice, rats, and humans. Many venomous snakes are specialized predators on mice, and their venom may exist adapted specifically to incapacitate mice; and mongooses may be uncommonly resistant. While most mammals accept a very similar physiology, LD₅₀ results may or may not have equal bearing upon every mammal species, such as humans, etc.

Examples [edit]

Notation: Comparing substances (specially drugs) to each other by LD₅₀ can be misleading in many cases due (in function) to differences in effective dose (ED₅₀). Therefore, it is more useful to compare such substances by therapeutic alphabetize, which is merely the ratio of LD₅₀ to ED₅₀.^{[ citation needed ]}

The post-obit examples are listed in reference to LD₅₀ values, in descending order, and accompanied by LC₅₀ values, {bracketed}, when appropriate.

Substance	Animate being, route	LDl {LC50}	LD50 : g/kg {LC50 : g/L} standardised	Reference
Water (H2O)	rat, oral	90,000 mg/kg	xc	[vii]
Sucrose (table carbohydrate)	rat, oral	29,700 mg/kg	29.7	[8]
Glucose (blood carbohydrate)	rat, oral	25,800 mg/kg	25.8	[9]
Monosodium glutamate (MSG)	rat, oral	sixteen,600 mg/kg	16.6	[10]
Stevioside (from stevia)	mice and rats, oral	fifteen,000 mg/kg	15	[11]
Gasoline (petrol)	rat	14,063 mg/kg	14.0	[12]
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)	rat, oral	11,900 mg/kg	11.nine	[13]
Glyphosate (isopropylamine salt of)	rat, oral	x,537 mg/kg	10.537	[fourteen]
Lactose (milk sugar)	rat, oral	10,000 mg/kg	ten	[15]
Aspartame	mice, oral	10,000 mg/kg	10	[16]
Urea (OC(NH2)2 )	rat, oral	8,471 mg/kg	eight.471	[17]
Cyanuric acid	rat, oral	7,700 mg/kg	7.seven	[xviii]
Cadmium sulfide (CdS)	rat, oral	7,080 mg/kg	7.08	[19]
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH)	rat, oral	seven,060 mg/kg	7.06	[20]
Sodium isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA, metabolite of sarin)	rat, oral	6,860 mg/kg	six.86	[21]
Melamine	rat, oral	6,000 mg/kg	6	[xviii]
Taurine	rat, oral	5,000 mg/kg	5	[22]
Melamine cyanurate	rat, oral	4,100 mg/kg	iv.1	[eighteen]
Fructose (fruit sugar)	rat, oral	4,000 mg/kg	4	[23]
Sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4 )	rat, oral	4,000 mg/kg	four	[24]
Sodium chloride (table common salt)	rat, oral	iii,000 mg/kg	3	[25]
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)	rat, oral	one,944 mg/kg	1.944	[26]
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)	rat, oral	one,270 mg/kg	1.27	[27]
Cannabidiol (CBD)	rat, oral	980 mg/kg	0.98	[28]
Methanol (CHthreeOH)	human, oral	810 mg/kg	0.81	[29]
Arsenic (As)	rat, oral	763 mg/kg	0.763	[30]
Ibuprofen	rat, oral	636 mg/kg	0.636	[31]
Formaldehyde (CHtwoO)	rat, oral	600–800 mg/kg	0.6	[32]
Solanine (main alkaloid in the several plants in Solanaceae amongst them Solanum tuberosum)	rat, oral (2.8 mg/kg human being, oral)	590 mg/kg	0.590	[33]
Alkyl dimethyl benzalkonium chloride (ADBAC)	rat, oral fish, immersion aquatic invertebrates, immersion	304.5 mg/kg {0.28 mg/50} {0.059 mg/Fifty}	0.3045 {0.00028} {0.000059}	[34]
Coumarin (benzopyrone, from Cinnamomum aromaticum and other plants)	rat, oral	293 mg/kg	0.293	[35]
Psilocybin (from magic mushrooms)	mouse, oral	280 mg/kg	0.280	[36]
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)	rat, oral	238–277 mg/kg	0.238	[37]
Ketamine	rat, intraperitoneal	229 mg/kg	0.229	[38]
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)	rat, oral	200 mg/kg	0.2	[39]
Caffeine	rat, oral	192 mg/kg	0.192	[40]
Arsenic trisulfide (AsS3 )	rat, oral	185–6,400 mg/kg	0.185–6.4	[41]
Sodium nitrite (NaNOtwo )	rat, oral	180 mg/kg	0.18	[42]
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy)	rat, oral	160 mg/kg	0.18	[43]
Uranyl acetate dihydrate (UOtwo(CH3COO)two )	mouse, oral	136 mg/kg	0.136	[44]
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (Ddt)	mouse, oral	135 mg/kg	0.135	[45]
Uranium (U)	mice, oral	114 mg/kg (estimated)	0.114	[44]
Bisoprolol	mouse, oral	100 mg/kg	0.1	[46]
Cocaine	mouse, oral	96 mg/kg	0.096	[47]
Cobalt(Two) chloride (CoCl2 )	rat, oral	80 mg/kg	0.08	[48]
Cadmium oxide (CdO)	rat, oral	72 mg/kg	0.072	[49]
Thiopental sodium (used in lethal injection)	rat, oral	64 mg/kg	0.064	[fifty]
Demeton-S-methyl	rat, oral	60 mg/kg	0.060	[51]
Methamphetamine	rat, intraperitoneal	57 mg/kg	0.057	[52]
Sodium fluoride (NaF)	rat, oral	52 mg/kg	0.052	[53]
Nicotine	mouse and rat, oral human, smoking	50 mg/kg	0.05	[54]
Pentaborane	human, oral	50 mg/kg	0.05	[55]
Capsaicin	mouse, oral	47.2 mg/kg	0.0472	[56]
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)	rat, oral	37 mg/kg	0.037	[57]
Piperidine (from blackness pepper)	rat, oral	30 mg/kg	0.030	[58]
Heroin (diamorphine)	mouse, intravenous	21.eight mg/kg	0.0218	[59]
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)	rat, intravenous	16.5 mg/kg	0.0165	[60]
Arsenic trioxide (Equally2O3 )	rat, oral	14 mg/kg	0.014	[61]
Metallic arsenic (As)	rat, intraperitoneal	xiii mg/kg	0.013	[62]
Sodium cyanide (NaCN)	rat, oral	6.iv mg/kg	0.0064	[63]
Chlorotoxin (CTX, from scorpions)	mice	4.3 mg/kg	0.0043	[64]
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)	mouse, oral	3.7 mg/kg	0.0037	[65]
Carfentanil	rat, intravenous	iii.39 mg/kg	0.00339	[66]
Nicotine (from diverse Solanaceae genera)	mice, oral	3.3 mg/kg	0.0033	[54]
White phosphorus (P)	rat, oral	three.03 mg/kg	0.00303	[67]
Strychnine (from Strychnos nux-vomica)	human, oral	one–two mg/kg (estimated)	0.001–0.002	[68]
Mercury(II) chloride (HgClii )	rat, oral	1 mg/kg	0.001	[69]
Nicotine	human, oral	0.8 mg/kg (estimated)	0.0008	[54]
Cantharidin (from blister beetles)	human, oral	500 μg/kg	0.0005	[70]
Aflatoxin B1 (from Aspergillus flavus mold)	rat, oral	480 μg/kg	0.00048	[71]
Plutonium (Pu)	domestic dog, intravenous	320 μg/kg	0.00032	[72]
Amatoxin (from Amanita phalloides mushrooms)	rat	300-700 μg/kg	0.0007	[73]
Bufotoxin (from Bufo toads)	cat, intravenous	300 μg/kg	0.0003	[74]
Caesium-137 ( 137 Cs)	mouse, parenteral	21.five μCi/g	0.000245	[75]
Sodium fluoroacetate (CH2FCOONa)	rat, oral	220 μg/kg	0.00022	[76]
Sarin	mouse, subcutaneous injection	172 μg/kg	0.000172	[77]
Robustoxin (from Sydney funnel-spider web spider)	mice	150 μg/kg	0.000150	[78]
VX	human, oral, inhalation, absorption through skin/eyes	140 μg/kg (estimated)	0.00014	[79]
Venom of the Brazilian wandering spider	rat, subcutaneous	134 μg/kg	0.000134	[80]
Aconitine (from Aconitum napellus and related species)	rat, intraveneous	80 μg/kg	0.000080	[81]
Dimethylmercury (Hg(CH3)2 )	human, transdermal	fifty μg/kg	0.000050	[82]
TBPO (t-Butyl-bicyclophosphate)	mouse, intravenous	36 μg/kg	0.000036	[83]
Fentanyl	monkey	30 μg/kg	0.00003	[84]
Venom of the Inland Taipan (Australian snake)	rat, subcutaneous	25 μg/kg	0.000025	[85]
Ricin (from castor oil found)	rat, intraperitoneal rat, oral	22 μg/kg 20–30 mg/kg	0.000022 0.02	[86]
2,3,7,viii-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD, in Amanuensis Orange)	rat, oral	20 μg/kg	0.00002
Tetrodotoxin from the blue-ringed octopus	intravenous	viii.ii μg/kg	0.0000082	[87]
CrTX-A (from Carybdea rastonii box jellyfish venom)	crayfish, intraperitoneal	5 μg/kg	0.000005	[88]
Latrotoxin (from widow spider venom)	mice	iv.iii μg/kg	0.0000043	[89] [ self-published source? ]
Epibatidine (from Epipedobates anthonyi poison dart frog)	mouse, intravenous	one.46-13.98 μg/kg	0.00000146	[90]
Batrachotoxin (from poison sprint frog)	human, sub-cutaneous injection	two–7 μg/kg (estimated)	0.000002	[91]
Abrin (from rosary pea)	mice, intravenously man, inhalation human, oral	0.7 μg/kg 3.3 μg/kg 10–m μg/kg	0.0000007 0.0000033 0.00001–0.001
Saxitoxin (from certain marine dinoflagellates)	homo, intravenously human, oral	0.half dozen μg/kg 5.vii μg/kg	0.0000006 0.0000057	[91]
Pacific Ciguatoxin-1 (from ciguateric fish)	mice, intraperitoneal	250 ng/kg	0.00000025	[92]
Palytoxin (from Palythoa coral)	mouse, intravenous	45 ng/kg 2.iii–31.v μg/kg	0.000000045 0.0000023	[93]
Maitotoxin (from ciguateric fish)	mouse, intraperitoneal	l ng/kg	0.00000005	[94]
Polonium-210 ( 210 Po)	human, inhalation	10 ng/kg (estimated)	0.00000001	[95]
Diphtheria toxin (from Corynebacterium)	mice	10 ng/kg	0.00000001	[96]
Shiga toxin (from Shigella leaner)	mice	2 ng/kg	0.000000002	[96]
Tetanospasmin (from Clostridium tetani)	mice	2 ng/kg	0.000000002	[96]
Botulinum toxin (from Clostridium botulinum)	human, oral, injection, inhalation	one ng/kg (estimated)	0.000000001	[97]
Ionizing radiations	homo, irradiation	5 Gy (Gray)	—	[98]

Poison scale [edit]

Negative values of the decimal logarithm of the median lethal dose LD₅₀ (−log₁₀(LD₅₀)) on a linearized toxicity scale encompassing xi orders of magnitude. Water occupies the lowest toxicity position (ane) while the toxicity scale is dominated by the botulinum toxin (12).^[99]

The LD₅₀ values take a very wide range. The botulinum toxin as the almost toxic substance known has an LD₅₀ value of 1 ng/kg, while the nearly non-toxic substance h2o has an LD_l value of more than than xc g/kg. That'due south a difference of about 1 in 100 billion or 11 orders of magnitude. As with all measured values that differ by many orders of magnitude, a logarithmic view is advisable. Well-known examples are the indication of the convulsion strength using the Richter scale, the pH value, every bit a measure out for the acidic or basic character of an aqueous solution or of loudness in decibels . In this case, the negative decimal logarithm of the LD_l values, which is standardized in kg per kg torso weight, is considered −log₁₀(LD_fifty).

The dimensionless value found tin can be entered in a toxin calibration. H2o as the baseline substance is neatly i in the negative logarithmic toxin scale.

Animal rights concerns [edit]

Animal-rights and animal-welfare groups, such as Animal Rights International,^[100] take campaigned against LD₅₀ testing on animals. Several countries, including the U.k., accept taken steps to ban the oral LD₅₀, and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Evolution (OECD) abolished the requirement for the oral test in 2001 (see Examination Guideline 401, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences Vol 22, Feb 22, 2001).

Come across also [edit]

• Animal testing
• Reed-Muench method
• The dose makes the poison – the toxicology adage that high quantities of any substance is lethal

Other measures of toxicity [edit]

• IDLH
• Certain safety gene
• Therapeutic index
• Protective index
• Fixed Dose Procedure to estimate LD50
• Median toxic dose (TD50)
• Lowest published toxic concentration (TCLo)
• Everyman published lethal dose (LDLo)
• EC_l (half maximal effective concentration)
• IC₅₀ (one-half maximal inhibitory concentration)
• Draize examination
• Indicative limit value
• No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)
• Everyman-observed-agin-outcome level (LOAEL)
• Up-and-downward procedure

[edit]

• TCID₅₀ Tissue Civilization Infective Dosage
• EID_l Egg Infective Dosage
• ELD₅₀ Egg Lethal Dosage
• Plaque forming units (pfu)

References [edit]

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External links [edit]

• Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
• Lipnick RL, Cotruvo JA, Colina RN, Bruce RD, Stitzel KA, Walker AP, et al. (March 1995). "Comparing of the up-and-downwards, conventional LD50, and fixed-dose acute toxicity procedures". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 33 (3): 223–31. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)00136-C. PMID 7896233.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_lethal_dose

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